Гуманитарные ведомости. Вып. 2 (58) 2026 г

Гуманитарные ведомости ТГПУ им. Л. Н. Толстого № 2 (58), июль 2026 г. 192 M. V. Fedko Tula State Lev Tolstoy Pedagogical University (Tula, Russia) SPIRITUAL AND MORAL ASPECTS OF WORLDVIEW AND SOCIAL POSITION IN THE WORKS OF LEO TOLSTOY Leo Tolstoy’s worldview is a complex and contradictory system of views that was formed throughout his life. His worldview is a fusion of religious and moral pursuits, social protests, and philosophical reflections that have had a huge impact not only on Russian but also world literature. Tolstoy believed in the power of reason and critical thinking, questioning any authority, be it church hierarchies, government officials, or generally accepted moral standards. He called on each person to independently search for the truth and to be responsible for their actions. The ideas embedded in his works about non-resistance to evil by violence, the importance of moral self-improvement and the need for social justice continue to sound relevant today, reminding us of the eternal values that underlie human existence. The main objective of the study, based on the above, is to conduct a competent and comprehensive philosophical analysis of Leo Tolstoy’s teachings as a prominent representative of Russian philosophical thought that is largely apologetic in nature. Through this analysis, the author develops an understanding of the formation of Tolstoy’s religious and moral beliefs, social protests, and how they have influenced the development of Russian culture. By adopting an integrated approach to examining Tolstoy’s legacy, this research also aims to contribute to the novelty by presenting the thinker’s work not as a static system but as a dynamic process influenced by historical and cultural factors. Within this context, there is a critical re-evaluation of moral norms that allows for an assessment of the uniqueness of Tolstoy’s philosophy, an aspect that has not been adequately addressed in previous studies. As a result of the study, the author determines that the works of Leo Tolstoy constitute an essential element of Russia’s spiritual national culture. The core conceptual aspect of Tolsto’s philosophical thought is comprised of ideas related to moral improvement, the existential quest for self-realization, social justice, and non-violent resistance to evil. These principles also hold significant relevance within contemporary cultural discourse. Keywords: worldview, nonviolence, philosophy, morality, death DOI 10.22405/2304-4772-2026-2-191-200 Духовно–нравственные аспекты мировоззрения и общественная позиция в творчестве Льва Толстого хорошо изучены. Однако зачастую они рассматриваются как «продолжение» и «завершение» литературы XIX века. Такой подход является оправданным, так как основные мировоззренческие принципы писателя сформировались в предшествующие десятилетия, а его художественная манера, несмотря на отдельные эволюционные изменения, сохранила верность реалистическим канонам. Однако, подобная перспектива несколько затеняет новаторский характер позднего Толстого, в том числе его влияние на формирование новых эстетических парадигм и литературы XX века в целом [1]. Творчество Льва Толстого представляет собой сложный сплав традиционных и новаторских тенденций: с одной стороны, он продолжает критически осмыслять пороки современного общества, оставаясь верным