Время Науки. 2016.Выпуск 2 -The Times of Science

Ruth Remmel-Faßbender Рут Реммель-Фасбендер 8 №2 independent existence of the services towards interdisciplinary interlinking of a wide range of support services - is therefore essential. Numerous organisations within the FRD are now committed through innovative, low-threshold and creative services. Stressful familial situations The social risk factors that are presently being repeatedly defined as particular strains on families with children include long-term unemployment and an increasing number of families below the poverty line, as well as a growing individualisation of life circumstances, which makes it much more difficult to establish supportive social networks and sustain these. Further familial risk factors arise with long-term conflicts. A messy separation or divorce, frequently changing relationships and single parents with sole upbringing responsibility, and above all the risk of poverty frequently associated with this, are dimensions that can quickly lead to stress and possible escalations. Individual parental risk factors include stress due to negative experiences in one's own personal history (violence, neglect), acute psychological or somatic illnesses, as well as alcohol and drug abuse (Niethammer 2007; Galm 2010). "Adverse life experiences and chronic strains have a decisive influence on the attitude to upbringing and therefore have a direct effect on the developmental opportunities of children. A particular problem lies in the fact that psychosocial risk factors are rarely isolated, and generally arise on a cumulative basis, for example as a combination of low income, poor living conditions, single parents, unwanted pregnancy, low level education and other negative influences. The greater the problem pressure and the lower the resources, the more likely it is that decompensation will arise" (Niethammer 2007, page 5). Individual risk factors also exist in children themselves. Investigations here point to aspects including an unwanted child, an early birth, a "difficult" temperament (for example children who cry excessively), sleep disturbances, illnesses, disabilities and childhood behavioural problems. "Risk children" is the term applied to children whose development or behaviour is clearly striking, without this being considered a disability or an imminent disability in accordance with social law. These factors may lead to challenges for the (single) parent that are almost insurmountable - in particular if multiple stresses are added and no (pyscho)social, definitive relief is provided 3 . Because child endangerment can arise not only due to an acute crisis situation but also where enduring and permanent stresses exist, many assistance projects are implemented at a very early stage today, i.e. during prenatal consultancy. 3 The term "risk children" applies only to babies and infants here. In later years it is also applied where numerous other risk factors exist, which can inhibit the development of children: e.g. to children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), traumatised children who have experienced violence, or currently with refugee experience, or in general also children who are frequently disproportionately disadvantaged due to social inequality and/or a migrant background. The term also has an alternative use in medicine.